Voices of those living with type 2 diabetes in Belize: barriers to care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Belize has the highest national prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) of Central and South America, and fifth direst in the world. T2D is the leading cause of death in Belize, a country facing burdens of increasing prevalence with few resources. Since March of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the difficulties of those living with T2D in Belize. To address T2D issues in Belize, our interdisciplinary research team explored the barriers to care and self-management for adult patients with T2D in Belize prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Research relationships between Canadian (ARH) and Belizean (LE) authors have been ongoing since 2016. Together we used a qualitative Constructivist Grounded Theory design generating knowledge through 35 semi-structured patient interviews, 25 key informant discussions, and participant observation with field notes between February 2020 to September 2021. We used Dedoose analysis software for a systematized thematic coding process, as well as iterative verification activities. Findings revealed several barriers to care and self-management, including: 1) the tiered health and social care system with major gaps in coverage; 2) the unfulfilled demand for accurate health information and innovative dissemination methods; and 3) the compounding of loss of community supports, physical exercise, and health services due to COVID-19 restrictions. In the post-pandemic period, it is necessary to invest in physical, nutritional, economic, and psychosocial health through organized activities adaptable to changeable public health restrictions. Recommendations for activities include sending patients informational and motivational text messages, providing recipes with accessibly sourced T2D foods, televising educational workshops, making online tools more accessible, and mobilising community and peer support networks.

Plant medicine usage of people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Belize: A qualitative exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a primary cause of death in Belize, a low-income country with the highest rates in Central and South America. As many people in Belize cannot consistently access biomedical treatment, a reality that was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, plant medicine usage is estimated to have increased in recent years. This exploratory study seeks to understand which plants are being used, patterns of usage, and the state of patient-provider communication around this phenomenon. METHODS: Implementing a Constructivist Grounded Theory qualitative design, the research team conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with adults living with T2DM, 25 informant discussions, and participant observation with field notes between February 2020 and September 2021. Data analysis followed systematized thematic coding procedures using Dedoose analytic software and iterative verification processes. RESULTS: The findings revealed that 85.7% of participants used plants in their T2DM self-management. There were three main usage patterns, namely, exclusive plant use (31.4%), complementary plant use (42.9%), and minimal plant use (11.4%), related to factors impacting pharmaceutical usage. Almost none of participants discussed their plant medicine usage with their health care providers. CONCLUSIONS: Plant species are outlined, as are patients' reasons for not disclosing usage to providers. There are implications for the advancement of understanding ethnobotanical medicine use for T2DM self-management and treatment in Belize and beyond.